PRINCIPLES OF  ZOOLOGY

Touching

THE STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, DISTRIBUTION,
AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

of the

RACES OF ANIMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT


PART I


COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY


by
 

LOUIS AGASSIZ and A. A. GOULD


Revised Edition


BOSTON:

GOULD AND LINCOLN

1863.

Originally published in 1851.

250 pp with 170 Woodcut Illustrations.

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.

December, 2005.

Copyright © 2005 by Dr. David C. Bossard.  All rights reserved.

tree of life



He who beholds in Nature nothing besides organs and their functions, may persuade himself that the animal is merely a combination of chemical and mechanical actions and reactions, and thus become a materialist. On the contrary, he who considers only the manifestations of intelligence and creative will, without taking into account the means by which they are executed, and the physical laws by virtue of which all beings preserve their characteristics, will be very likely to confound the Creator with the creature.
Louis Agassiz, p.34


CONTENTS.


COVER

PREFACE  5   005  006  007

> Embryology, Metamorphosis, philosophical zoölogy,

Contents  8  008  009  010

Explanation of the Figures  11   011  012  013  014  015  016

INTRODUCTION  17   017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024

I. The Sphere and Fundamental Principles of Zoology  25  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034
[033] Many [fossil] species present forms so extraordinary that it is almost impossible to trace their alliance with any animal now living. In general, they  bear a striking analogy to the embryonic forms of existing species. For example, the curious fossils known under the name of Trilibites (Fig. 156) have a shape so singular that it might well be doubted to what group of articulated animals they belong. But if we compare them with the embryo crab, we find so remarkable a resemblance that we do not hesitate to refer them to the crustaceans. We shall also see that some of the Fishes of ancient epochs present shapes altogether peculiar to themselves (Fig. 157) but resembling, in a striking manner, the embryonic forms of our common fishes.

II. General Properties of Organized Bodies  35  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043
1. Organized and Unorganized Bodies  35.
2. Elementary Structure of Organized bodies  36
3. Differences between Animals and Plants  41

III. Functions and Organs of Animal Life  44  044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066
1. Of the Nervous System and General Sensation  44
2. Of the Special Senses  48
Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch, the Voice.

IV. Of Intelligence and Instinct  67  067  068  069  070  071  072

V. Of Motion  73  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095
1. Apparatus of Motion  73
2. Of Locomotion  79

VI. Of Nutrition  96  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110
1. Of Digestion  97

VII. Of the Blood and Circulation  111  111  112  113  114  115  116  117

VIII. Of Respiration  118  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125

IX. Of the Secretions  126  126  127  128  129  130

X.  Embryology  131  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155
1. Of the egg  131
2. Development of the Young within the Egg  139
3. Zoological Importance of Embryology  153

XI. Peculiar Modes of Reproduction  156  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173
1. Gemmiparous and Fissiparous Reproduction 156
2. Alternate and Equivocal Reproduction  158
3. Consequences of Alternate Generation  167

XII.  Metamorphoses of Animals  174  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185

XIII. Geographical Distribution of Animals  186  186  187  188  189  190  191  192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213
1. General Laws of Distribution  186
2. Distribution of the Faunas  194
3. Conclusions  207

XIV  Geological Succession of Animals; Or, Their Distribution in Time  214  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236 
1. Structure of the Earth's Crust  214
2. Ages of Nature  221
Palaeozoic Age 221, Secondary Age 223, Tertiary Age 233, Modern Age 235,

[214] The records of the Bible, as well as human tradition, teach us that man and the anials associated with him were created by the word of God; "the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is;" and this truth is confirmed by the revelations of science, which unequivocally indicate the direct interventions of creative power.

>Plutonic or Igneous rocks, Neptunic, Sedimantary or Stratified rocks,


CONCLUSIONS  237   237  238  239

INDEX and GLOSSARY  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248

List of Most Important Authors 249  250