A Treatise on Geology by John Phillips (1837)

A TREATISE ON GEOLOGY

BY

JOHN PHILLIPS, F.R.S.G.S.

Professor of Geology in King's College, London,

In Two Volumes

VOLUME II

London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans.

1837.

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in the library holdings of Dartmouth College.

April, 2006.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI. continued.

POST-TERTIARY AND MODERN DEPOSITS. [Continued]

FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS [Continued]

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044

New Lands at the Mouths of Rivers 1
Estuary and Shore Deposits 5

LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS 10

Classification of Fossil Maminalla 13

Eocene or Lower Tertiary Period 14

Organic Remains of the Paris Basin 14
Organic Remains of the Quarries of Binstead 15

Middle Tertiary Period 16

Fossil Remains of the upper Freshwater Beds of the Paris Basin 16
Organic Remains of various Freshwater Beds 17-20

Lakes of the Pleiocene and Diluvial Period 21

Fossil Mammalia of the upper Val d'Arno 21
Series of Deposits in the upper Val d'Arno 22
Series of Deposits at Bielbecks 23
Organic Remains at Bielbecks 23
Fossil Shells of the Valley of the Thames 24
Charlesworth's Classification of Mammaliferous Strata 25

Modern Lacustrine Deposits 26

Circumstances of their Accumulation 28

SUBTERRANEAN AND SUBMARINE FORESTS.

Buried Trees on the Course of a River 30

Series of Beds associated with Tin Ore at Sandrycock, Cornwall 33

Turf Moors 35

Antiquity of Subterranean Forests 37

General Considerations - - - - 41

CHAPTER VII.

UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS IN THE CRUST OF THE EARTH.

044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082

General Remarks 44

Igneous Origin 44
Geological Age 45
Composition 45

Mineral Composition of Unstratified Rocks 53

Scrope's Synopsis of Volcanic Rocks.- Trachyte 56

Greystone. -- Basalt 57

Elements of the Old Rocks of Fusion.

Division I. -- Felspathic 57
Division II. -- Hornblendo-, Augito-, &c. Felspathic 57
Division III.- Hornblendic, Augitic, &c. 58

Mixed Rocks 59

Gradations among Igneous Rocks 60

Chemical Composition of the Rocks of Igneous Origin 63

Analysis of Minerals in Igneous Products 64

Table of Varieties of Mica 65
Table of Varieties of Granite 66
Table of Varieties of Sienite 66
Table of Varieties of Greenstone 66
Analysis of Serpentine 67
Table of Feispathic Compounds analogous to Granite 67
Analyses of Pumice, Compact Lava of Calabria, Basalt 68

Exterior Forms of the Masses of Igneous Rocks 68

Interposed Beds 68
Overlying Masses 70
Fissures 70
Dykes 71
Veins. -- Granite Veins 72

Internal Divisions of Igneous Rocks 81

PHENOMENA OBSERVED WHERE IGNEOUS ROCKS COME IN CONTACT WITH STRATIFIED MASSES.

082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

Induration of Stratified Rocks 82

Alteration of the Structure of Rocks by Heat 84

Metamorphic Rocks 90
Re-arrangement of the Particles of Rocks 91
Alteration of the Chemical Nature of Rocks 96

Dolomitic Limestone 98

Generation of New Minerals 101
Metamorphic Slates 104

Succession of Metamorphic Slates 105

Metamorphic Mica Schist, Gneiss, &c. 108

Relative Antiquity of Pyrogenous Rocks 110

Table of the Principal Disturbances of the Stratification of the British Islands, with the Igneous Rocks observed in connection therewith.

Class I. -- Before the Deposition of Old Red Sandstone 117
Class II. -- Before the Deposition of the Lias 118
Class III. -- Before the Deposition of the Lower Green Sand 119
Class IV. -- Since the Deposition of the Chalk 119

CHAPTER VIII.

MINERAL VEINS.

120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165

Remarks 120

Geographical Distribution 121

Occurrence of Mineral Veins near Centres of Igneous Action 124

Relation of Veins to the Substance and Structure of the Neighbouring Rocks 128

Relation of Veins to each other 136

First Class. -- Oldest Tin Veins or 'Lodes' 136
Second Class. -- More recent Tin Lodes 136
Third Class. -- Oldest East and West Copper Lodes 137
Fourth Class. -- Contra Copper Lodes 137
Fifth Class. -- Cross Courses 137
Sixth Class. -- More recent Copper Lodes 138
Seventh Class. -- Cross Flukans 138
Eighth Class. -- Slides 138
Deposits of Metallic Veins in Cornwall 139

Theory of Mineral Veins 142

Veins are of posterior Date to the Rocks which they traverse 143

Description of Huel Peever Vein 145

Origin of Vein Fissures 153
Filling of the Fissures 157
Recapitulation 161

CHAPTER IX.

MODERN EFFECTS OF HEAT IN THE GLOBE.

165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224

Remarks 165

VOLCANIC ACTION 166

Origin of Volcanos 167
Volcanos in Action 173
Extinction of Volcanos 181
Extinct Volcanos 185

Geographical Distribution of Volcanos - - - 186

Asiatic Volcanos 192
American Volcanos 194
African Volcanos 196
Australia 197
Indian Ocean 197
Pacific Ocean 197

Geological Age of Volcanos 198

Volcanic Eruption Forces 199

Ejection of Ashes and Stones 200
New Mountains formed 201
New Islands raised 201
Earthquakes 207

Hypotheses of Volcanic Action 210

Thermal Springs 214

Warm Springs of the British Islands, yielding Nitrogen, &c. 217
Warm Springs of a Part of Germany, &c., yielding Carbonic Acid, &c. 218
Warm Springs of the Pyrenees 218
Warm Springs of Volcanic Countries 219
Summary of their Geological Relations to existing Volcanos 221

Experimental Inquiries into the Heat of the Globe 224

224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238

First Class of Experiments. -- Metalliferous Veins 232

Tables of Temperatures of Water at different Depths in the Mines of Freyberg 232
Account of Temperatures of Water at different Depths in various Countries 233

Second Class of Experiments. -- Stratified Rocks 234

Account of tbe Temperatures of Water at various Depths in different Mines 234
Cordier's Summary of Observations in the Coal Mines of Carmeaux, Littry, and Decise 236
Summary of Observations on Subterranean Temperatures in Rocks 237

Third Class of Experiments. -- Artesian Wells 237

Tables of Temperatures of Water, with Mean Results 238

CHAPTER X.

STATE OF GEOLOGICAL THEORY.

239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279

General Observations 239

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Outline of Land and Sea 248

Heights and Depths 250

Displacements of Stratified Rocks 251

Direction of Displacements 254

Production of Longitudinal Fissures 261
Formation of Transverse Fissures 262
Formation of Fissures in a Conical Elevation 262
Faults 263

Periods of Ordinary and Critical Action 263

Primary Period. -- Carboniferous Period 264
Oolitlc and Cretaceous Periods. -- Eocene Period of Mr. LyeIl 265
Modern Period of Ordinary Action 266

Climate 267

CONCLUSION 276

CHAPTER XI.

POPULAR VIEWS AND ECONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF GEOLOGY.

279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298

Introductory Remarks 279

Aspect of the Earth's Surface 281

Outline of Land and Sea 282

Undulations of the Interior 284

Scenery 286

ECONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF GEOLOGY.

Agriculture 288
Construction of Roads, Railways, Canals, &c. 291
Building Materials 292
Coal and other Mineral Products 292

INDEX 299-308 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308