TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY


BY
 

SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S.


logo

NEW YORK

P. F. COLLIER & SON

1902
1862 pages + 471 illustrations.

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.

January, 2006.

Copyright © 2006 by David C. Bossard.

BIOGRAPHY - SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE

PREFACE - THIRD EDITION

PREFACE - FIRST EDITION

CONTENTS.

[VOLUME I]

INTRODUCTION  13   013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020

BOOK I

COSMICAL ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY  21

I. RELATIONS OF THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM  23  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031

II. FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH  31  031  032  033  034

III. MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH IN THEIR GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS  34  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061
1. Rotation, 34 -- 2. Revolution, 36 -- 3. Precession of the Equinoxes, 87 -- 4. Change in the obliquity of the Ecliptic, 88 -- 5. Stability of the Earth's Axis, 38 -- 6. Changes of the Earth's Centre of Gravity, 43 -- 7. Results of the Attractive Influence of Sun and Moon on the Geological Condition of the Earth, 46 -- 8. Climate in its Geological Relations, 49.
BOOK II

GEOGNOSY: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MATERIALS OF THE EARTH'S SUBSTANCE


PART I. -- A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS OF THE EARTH

I. THE ENVELOPES -- ATMOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE  62  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073

1. The Atmosphere, 63 -- 2. The Oceans, 66.

II. THE SOLID GLOBE OR LITHOSPHERE  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111

1. The Outer Surface, 74 -- 2. The Crust, 87 -- 3. The Interior or Nucleus, 89; Evidence of Internal Heat, 92; Irregularities in the downward Increment of Heat, 95; Probable Condition of the Earth's Interior, 99 -- 4. Age of the Earth and Measures of Geological Time, 107.


PART II. -- AN ACCOUNT OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST -- MINERALS AND ROOKS
I. GENERAL CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CRUST  112  112  113  114  115  116  117  118

II. ROCK-FORMING MINERALS 119  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144

III. DETERMINATION OF ROCKS 145  145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171

i. Megascopic Examination, 146 -- ii. Chemical Analysis, 157 -- iii. Chemical Synthesis, 160 -- iv. Microscopic Investigation, 161.

IV. GENERAL OUTWARD OR MEGASCOPIC CHARACTERS OF ROCKS  172  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191

1. Structure, 172 -- 2. Composition, 186 -- 3. State of Aggregation, 187 -- 4. Color and Lustre, 189 -- 5. Feel and Smell, 191 -- 6. Specific Gravity, 192 -- 7. Magnetism, 192

V. MICROSCOPIC, CHARACTERS OF ROCKS  192  192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217

1. Microscopic Elements of Rocks, 194 -- 2. Microscopic Structures of Rocks, 208.  

VI. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS  218   218  219  220  221  222

VII. A DESCRIPTION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ROCKS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST  223

i. SEDIMENTARY  223

A. Fragmental (Clastic)  223  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257

1. Gravel and Sand Rocks (Psammites)  224

2. Clay Rocks (Pelites)  233

3. Volcanic Fragmental Rocks (Tuffs)  288

4. Fragmental Rocks of Organic Origin  243

(1) Calcareous, 243 -- (2) Siliceous, 247 -- (3) Phosphatic, 248 -- (4) Carbonaceous, 249 -- (5) Ferruglnous, 255.

B. Crystalline, including Rocks formed from Chemical Precipitation  258  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268

ii. MASSIVE, ERUPTIVE, IGNEOUS  269  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302

i. Acid Series, 272 -- ii. Intermediate Series, 284 -- iii. Basic Series, 298.

iii. SCHISTOSE (METAMORPHIC)  303  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323

1. Argillites, 309 -- 2. Quartz-Rocks, 310 -- 3. Pyroxene-Rocks, 313 -- 4. Hornblende-Rocks, 314 -- 5. Garnet-Rocks, 315 -- 6. Epidote-Rocks, 315 -- 7. Chlorite-Rocks, 315 -- 8. Talc-Rocks, 315 -- 9. Olivine-Rocks, or Peridotites, 316 -- 10. Felsitoid-Rocks, 316 -- 11. Quartz- and Tourmaline-Rocks, 317 -- 12. Quartz-  and Mica-Rocks, 317 -- 13. Quartz-  and Felspar-Rocks, 319 -- 14. Quartz-, Felspar-, and Mica-Rocks, 320 -- 15. Quartz-, Feispar-, and Garnet-Rocks, 322 -- 16. Felspar-  and Mica-Rocks, 322 -- Composition of some Schistose Rocks, 323.
BOOK III

DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY, 324


PART I. -- HYPOGENE ACTION: AN INQUIRY INTO THE GEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PROGRESS BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, 326  324  325  326
I. VOLCANOES AND VOLCANIC ACTION

1. Volcanic Products  327  327  328  329  330  331  332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343

1. Gases and Vapors, 330 -- 2. Water, 336 -- 3. Lava, 338 -- 4. Fragmentary Materials, 340.

2. Volcanic Action. 344   344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378  379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401  402  403  404  405  406  407  408

Active, Dormant, and Extinct Phases, 344 -- Sites of Volcanic Action, 346 -- Ordinary Phase of an Active Volcano, 349 -- Conditions of Eruption, 349 -- Periodicity of Eruptions, 352 -- General Sequence of Events in an Eruption, 354 -- Fissures, 355 -- Explosions, 360 -- Showers of Dust and Stones, 363 -- Lava-streams, 370 -- Elevation and Subsidence, 395 -- Torrents of Water and Mud, 396 -- Effects of the closing of a Volcanic Chimney -- Sills and Dikes, 398 -- Exhalations of Vapors and Gases, 399 -- Geysers, 402 -- Mud-Volcanoes, 407.

3. Structure of Volcanoes  409  409  410  411  412  413  414  415  416  417  418  419  420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438
i. Volcanic Cones, 409 -- Submarine Volcanoes, and Volcanic Islands, 424 -- ii. Fissure (Massive) Eruptions, 432.

4. Geographical and Geological Distribution of Volcanoes  439  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446

5. Causes of Volcanic Action  447  447  448  449  450  451  452  453  454  455  456  457  458

II. EARTHQUAKES  459  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466  467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477

Amplitude of Earth-Movements, 461 -- Velocity, 461 -- Duration, 463  -- Modifying Influence of Geological Structure, 463 -- Extent of Country affected, 466 -- Depth of Source, 466 -- Geological Effects, 468 -- Distribution, 473 -- Origin, 474.

III. SECULAR UPHEAVAL AND DEPRESSION  478  478  479  480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497  498  499  500  501  502
Upheaval, 482 -- Subsidence, 489 -- Causes of Upheaval and Depression of Land, 494.

[VOLUME II]
IV. HYPOGENE CAUSES OF CHANGES IN THE TEXTURE, STRUCTURE,
AND COMPOSITION OF ROCKS  503

1. Effects of Heat   503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518

Rise of Temperature by Depression, 505 -- Rise of Temperature by Chemical Transformation, 506 -- Rise of Temperature by Rock-crushing, 506 -- Rise of Temperature by Intrusion of Erupted Rock, 508 -- Expansion, 508 -- Crystallization (Marble), 509 -- Production of Prismatic Structure, 510 -- Dry Fusion, 510 -- Contraction of Rocks in passing from a Glassy to a Stony State, 516 -- Sublimation, 517.

2. Influence of Heated Water  519  519  520  521  522  523  524  525  526  527  528

Presence of Water in all Rocks, 519 -- Solvent Power of Water among Rocks, 521 -- This Power increased by Heat, 522 -- Co-operation of Pressure, 523 -- Aquo-Igneous Fusion, 524 -- Artificial Production of Minerals, 525 -- Artificial Alteration of Internal Structures, 526.

3. Effects of Compression, Tension, and Fracture  529  529  530  531  532  533  534  535  536  537  538  539  540  541

Minor Ruptures and Noises, 530 -- Consolidation and Welding, 531 -- Cleavage, 531 -- Deformation, 535 -- Plication, 538 -- Jointing and Dislocation, 540.

4. The Metamorphism of Rocks  542  542  543  544  545  546  547  548  549  550  551  552  553

Production of Marble from Limestone, 545 -- Dolomitlzation, 546  -- Conversion of Vegetable Substance into Coal, 548 -- Production of new Minerals, 549 -- Production of the Schistose Structure, 550


PART II. -- EPIGENE OR SURFACE ACTION, 554

I.   AIR  555  554  555  556  557  558  559  560  561  562  563  564  565  566  567  568  569  570  571  572  573  574  575  576  577

1 Geological Work on Land  557

(1) Destructive Action, 558 -- Effects of Lightning, 558 -- Effects of Changes of Temperature, 559 -- Effects of Wind, 561 -- (2) Reproductive Action -- Growth of Dust, 564 -- Loess, 566 -- Sandhills or Dunes, 588 -- Dust -- showers, Blood-rain, 573 -- Transportation of Plants and Animals, 575 -- Efflorescence Products, 576.

2. Influence on Water  576

Ocean Currents, 576 -- Waves, 577 -- Alteration of Water-level, 577.

II.  WATER  578  578  579  580

1. Rain  580  580  581  582  583  584  585  586  587  588  589  590  591  592  593  594  595  596  597  598  599  600  601  602  603  604  605

(1) Chemical Action, 580 -- Chemical Composition of Rain-water, 581  -- Chemical and Mineralogical Changes produced by Rain, 583  -- Weathering, 588 -- Formation of Soil, 597 -- (2) Mechanical Action, 599 -- Removal and Rewewal of Soil, 600 -- Movement of Soil-cap, 601 -- Unequal Erosive Action of Rain, 602.

2. Underground Water  605  605  606  607  608  609  610  611  612  613  614  615  616  617  618  619  620  621  622  623  624  625  626  627  628  629

Springs, 606 -- (1) Chemical Action, 611 -- Alteration of Rocks, 618  -- Chemical Deposits, 620 -- Subterranean Channels and Caverns, 623 -- (2) Mechanical Action, 627.

8. Brooks and Rivers  629  629  630  631  632  633  634  635  636  637  638  639  640  641  642  643  644  645  646  647  648  649  650  651  652  653  654  655  656  657  658  659  660  661  662  663  664  665  666  667  668  669  670  671  672  673  674  675  676  677  678  679  680

1. Sources of Supply, 629 -- 2. Discharge, 632 -- 3. Flow, 635 -- 4. Geological Action, 639 -- i. Chemical, 639 -- ii. Mechanical, 643 -- Transporting Power, 643 -- Excavating Power, 651 -- Reproductive Power, 663 -- Cones de Déjection, 665 -- River-beds, 666 -- Flood-plains, 668 -- Deposits in Lakes, 670 -- Bars and Lagoon-barriers, 672 -- Deltas in the Sea, 676 -- Sea-borne Sediment, 681.

4.Lakes  681  681  682  683  684  685  686  687  688  689  690  691  692  693  694  695  696
Fresh-water, 682 -- Saline, 688 -- Deposits in Salt and Bitter Lakes, 694.

5. Terrestrial lce  697  697  698  699  700  701  702  703  704  705  706  707  708  709  710  711  712  713  714  715  716  717  718  719  720  721  722  723  724  725  726

Frost, 698 -- Frozen Rivers and Lakes, 699 -- Hail, 701 -- Snow, 701 -- Glaciers and Ice-sheets, 703 -- Work of Glaciers: (a) Transport, 713 -- (b) Erosion, 719.

6. Oceanic Waters  727  727  728  729  730  731  732  733  734  735  736  737  738  739  740  741  742  743  744  745  746  747  748  749  750  751  752  753  754  755  756  757  758  759  760  761  762  763  764  765  766  767  768  769  770

i. Movements: (1) Tides, 727 -- (2) Currents, 730 -- (8) Waves and Ground-swell, 734 -- (4) Ice on the Sea, 737 -- ii. Geological Work: (1) Influence on Climate, 740 -- (2) Erosion: (a) Chemical, 741; (b) Mechanical, 743 -- (3) Transport, 754 -- (4) Reproduction, 760 -- Chemical Deposits, 760 -- Mechanical Deposits, 761: (a) Land-derived or Terrigenous: Shore Deposits, 761; Infra-littoral and Deeper-water Deposits, 763 -- (b Abysmal or Pelagic, 767.

7. Denudation and Deposition -- The Results of the Action of Air and Water upon Land  771  771  772  773  774  775  776  777  778  779  780  781  782  783  784  785  786  787  788  789

1. Subaerial Denudation: the general Lowering of Land, 71 -- 2. Subaerial Denudation: the unequal Erosion of Land, 780 -- 3. Marine Denudation, its comparative Rate, 782 -- 4. Marine Denudation, Its final Result, 785 -- 5. Deposition: the Framework of New Land, 788.

III. LIFE  790

1. Destructive Action of Plants and Animals  790  790  791  792  793  794  795  796

2. Conservative Action  797  797  798  799

3. Reproductive Action  800  800  801  802  803  804  805  806  807  808  809  810  811  812  813  814  815  816  817  818  819  820  821  822  823  824  825  826  827  828

Sea -- weeds, 801 -- Humus and Black Soils, 801 -- Peat-Mosses and Bogs, 802 -- Mangrove Swamps, 806 -- Diatom Earth, 807 -- Chemical Deposits formed by Plant-agency, 808 -- Chemical Deposits formed by Animal-agency, 811 -- Shell-marl, 812 -- Coral-reefs, 814  -- Limestone and Ooze, 824 -- Siliceous Ooze, 825 -- Phosphatic Deposits, 827.

4. Man as a Geological Agent  829  829  830  831  832  833

BOOK IV

GEOTECTONIC (STRUCTURAL) GEOLOGY, OR THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST


PART I. -- STRATIFICATION AND ITS ACCOMPANIMENTS, 834  834  835  836  837  838  839  840  841  842  843  844  845  846  847  848  849  850  851  852  853  854  855  856  857  858  859  860  861  862  863  864  865  866  867  868  869  870  871  872
Forms of Bedding, 835 -- False-bedding, 839 -- Intercalated Contortion, 842 -- Irregularities of Bedding due to Inequalities of Deposition or of Erosion, 843 -- Surface-Markings (Ripple-mark, Sun-cracks, etc.), 847 -- Concretions, 853 -- Alternations and Associations of Strata, 857 -- Relative Persistence of Strata, 860  -- Influence of the Attenuation of Strata upon apparent Dip, 864 -- Overlap, 864 -- Relative Lapse of Time represented by Strata and by the Intervals between them, 865 -- Ternary Succession of Strata, 889 -- Groups of Strata, 870 -- Order of Superposition: the Foundation of Geological Chronology, 873.

PART II. -- JOINTS, 873  873  874  875  876  877  878  879  880  881  882  883  884  885  886

I. In Stratified Rocks, 874 -- 2. In Massive (Igneous) Rocks, 880  -- 3. In Foliated (Schistose) Rocks, 885.

PART III.  -- INCLINATION OF ROCKS, 886  886  887  888  889  890  891  892  893  894
Dip, 887 -- Outcrop, 889 -- Strike, 891.

PART IV. -- CURVATURE, 894  894  895  896  897  898  899  900  901  902  903  904  905
Monoclines, 896 -- Anticlines and Synclines, 897 -- Inversion, 898 -- Crumpling, 901 -- Deformation and Crushing, 904.

PART V. -- CLEAVAGE, 905   905  906  907  908  909

PART VI. -- DISLOCATION, 909   909  910  911  912  913  914  915  916  917  918  919  920  921  922  923  924  925  926  927  928
Nature of Faults, 910 -- Origin of Faults, 913 -- Normal Faults, 914 -- Reversed Faults, 914 -- Thrust-planes, 915 -- Throw of Faults, 916  -- Dip-Faults and Strike-Faults, 917 -- Dying out of Faults, 929 -- Groups of Faults, 923 -- Detection and Tracing of Faults, 925.

PART VII. -- ERUPTIVE (IGNEOUS) ROOKS AS PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST, 928  928  929  930  931  932  933  934  935  936 
I. PLUTONIC, INTRUSIVE, OR SUBSEQUENT PHASE OF ERUPTIVITY  935
1. Bosses 937  937  938  939  940  941  942  943  944  945  946  947  948  949  950  951

Granite-bosses 937 -- Relation of Granite to Contiguous Rocks, 943  -- Connection of Granite with Volcanic Rocks, 946 -- Diorite, etc., 948 -- Effects on Contiguous Rocks, 950 -- Effects on the Eruptive Mass, 950 -- Connection with Volcanic Action and with Crystalline Schist, 951.

2.Sheets, Sills  952  952  953  954  955  956  957  958

General Character, 952 -- Effects on Contiguous Rocks, 957 -- Connection with Volcanic Action, 957.

3. Veins and Dikes  958  959  960  961  962  963  964  965  966  967  968
Eruptive or Intrusive, 959 -- "Contemporaneous" and other Veins, 962 -- Dikes, 965 -- Effects on Contiguous Rocks, 969.

4. Necks 969  969  970  971  972  973  974  975  976

Effects on Contiguous Rocks, 974

[VOLUME III]
II. INTERBEDDED, VOLCANIC, OR CONTEMPORANEOUS PHASE OF ERUPTIVITY  977  977  978  979  980  981  982  983  984  985  986

1. Crystalline, or Lavas  978
2. Fragmental, or Tuffs  982

PART VIII. -- METAMORPHISM, LOCAL AND REGIONAL, 987  987  988  989  990

I. LOCAL METAMORPHISM (METAMORPHISM OF CONTACT OR JUXTAPOSITION)  990  990  991  992  993  994  995  996  997  998  999  1000  1001  1002  1003  1004  1005  1006  1007  1008  1009  1010  1011  1012

Bleaching, 991 -- Coloration, 992 -- Induration, 992 -- Expulsion of Water, 993 -- Prismatic Structure, 993 -- Calcination, Melting, Coking, 994 -- Marmarosis, 998 -- Production of New Minerals, 999 -- Production of Foliation, 1001 -- Alteration of the Intrusive Rock, 1009 -- Summary of Facts, 1010.

II. REGIONAL (NORMAL) METAMORPHISM, THE CRYSTALLINE SCHISTS  1013 1013  1014  1015  1016  1017  1018  1019  1020  1021  1022  1023  1024  1025  1026  1027  1028  1029  1030  1031  1032  1033  1034  1035  1036  1037  1038  1039  1040  1041  1042  1043  1044  1045  1046  1047

Introduction: General Characters of the Crystalline Schists, 1013 -- Dispute regarding their Origin, 1017 -- Influence of Movements of the Earth's Crust, 1019 -- Nature of the rock-changes in Regional Metamorphism, 1024 -- Illustrative Examples; Ardennes, 1028 -- Taunus, 1029 -- Scandinavia, 1030 -- The Alps, 1031 -- Scottish Highlands, 1036 -- Greece, 1041 -- Green Mountains, 1041  -- Menominee and Marquette Regions, 1042 -- Table showing the wide Range of Geological Systems affected by Regional Metamorphism, 1043 -- Summary, 1044.

PART IX -- ORE DEPOSITS, 1048  1048  1049  1050  1051  1052  1053  1054  1055  1056  1057  1058  1059  1060  1061  1062

i. Mineral -- Veins or Lodes, 1051 -- Variations In Breadth, 1051 -- Structure and Contents, 1053 -- Successive Infilling, 1055 -- Connection with Faults, 1056 -- Relation of Contents to Surrounding Rooks, 1058 -- Decomposition and Recomposition, 1059 -- ii. Stocks and Stock-works, 1080 -- Origin of Mineral-Veins, 1062.

PART X. -- UNCONFORMABILITY, 1063  1063  1064  1065  1066  1067  1068


BOOK V

PALAEONTOLOGICAL GEOLOGY  1069
 1069  1070  1071  1072  1073  1074  1075  1076  1077  1078  1079  1080  1081  1082  1083  1084  1085  1086  1087  1088  1089  1090  1091  1092  1093  1094  1095  1096  1097  1098  1099  1100  1101  1102  1103  1104  1105  1106  1107  1108  1109  1110  1111  1112  1113  1114  1115  1116  1117  1118  1119  1120

Definition of the term Fossil, 1070 -- i. Condition of the Entombment of Organic Remains, 1071: on Land, 1071; in the Sea, 1074 -- ii. Preservation of Organic Remains in Mineral Masses, 1078 -- 1. Influence of Original Structure and Composition, 1078 -- 2. Fossilization, 1079  -- iii. Relative Palaeontological Value of Organic Remains, 1081 -- iv. Uses of Fossils in Geology, 1084. They show (1) Changes in Physical Geography, 1084; (2) Geological Chronology, 1087: (3) Imperfection of the Geological Record, 1098; (4) Subdivisions of the Geological Record,1102 -- v. Bearing of Palaeontological Data upon Evolution, 1106 -- vi. The Collecting of Fossils, 1112.
BOOK VI

STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY

GENERAL PRINCIPLES  1120  1120  1121  1122  1123  1124  1125  1126  1127  1128  1129  1130  1131  1132  1133  1134
Table of the Stratified Formations constituting the Geological Record 1131

PART 1. -- PRE-CAMBRIAN, 1135

i. General Characters  1135  1135  1136  1137  1138  1139  1140  1141  1142  1143  1144  1145  1146  1147  1148  1149  1150  1151  1152  1153  1154  1155  1156  1157  1158  1159  1160  1161  1162  1163  1164  1165  1166
1. The lowest Gneisses and Schists  1144
2. Pre-Cambrian Sedimentary and Volcanic Groups  1157
ii. Local Development  1167  1167  1168  1169  1170  1171  1172  1173  1174  1175  1176  1177  1178  1179  1180  1181  1182  1183  1184  1185  1186  1187  1188  1189  1190  1191  1192  1193  1194  1195  1196  1197

Britain, 1167 -- Scandinavia, 1188 -- Central Europe, 1192 -- America, 1194 -- India, 1197 -- China, 1197 -- Australasia, 1197.

PART II. -- PALAEOZOIC, 1198  1198  1199  1200
L CAMBRIAN (PRIMORDIAL SILURIAN)  1200

1. General Characters, Rocks, Flora and Fauna  1200  1200  1201  1202  1203  1204  1205  1206  1207  1208  1209  1210

2. Local Development  1210  1210  1211  1212  1213  1214  1215  1216  1217  1218  1219  1220  1221  1222  1223  1224  1225  1226  1227  1228

Britain, 1210 -- Continental Europe, 1219 -- North America, 1226 -- South America, China, India, Australia, 1229.

II. SILURIAN  1229  1229  1230

1. General Characters  1231   1231  1232  1233  1234  1235  1236  1237  1238  1239  1240  1241  1242  1243

2. Local Development  1244  1244  1245  1246  1247  1248  1249  1250  1251  1252  1253  1254  1255  1256  1257  1258  1259  1260  1261  1262  1263  1264  1265  1266  1267  1268  1269  1270  1271  1272  1273  1274  1275  1276  1277  1278  1279  1280  1281  1282  1283  1284  1285  1286  1287  1288  1289

Britain, 1244 -- Basin of the Baltic, Russia, and Scandinavia, 1974 -- Western Europe, 1279 -- Central and Southern Europe, 1282 -- North America, 1287 -- Asia, 1289 -- Australasia, 1289.

IlL DEVONIAN AND OLD RED SANDSTONE  1290

(i.) Devonian Type  1290  1291  1292  1293  1294  1295  1296  1297  1298  1299  1300  1301  1302  1303  1304  1305  1306  1307  1308  1309  1310  1311  1312

1. General Characters  1293

2. Local Development  1300

Britain, 1300 -- Central Europe, 1304 -- Russia, 1308 --  North America, 1309 -- Asia, 1311 Australasia, 1312.

(ii.) Old Red Sandstone Type   1312  1313  1314  1315  1316  1317  1318  1319  1320  1321  1322  1323  1324  1325  1326  1327  1328  1329  1330  1331  1332
1. General Characters  1312

2. Local Development  1321

Britain, 1321 -- Norway, etc., 1331 -- North America, 1332.


IV. CARBONIFEROUS  1333

1. General Characters  1333  1333  1334  1335  1336  1337  1338  1339  1340  1341  1342  1343  1344  1345  1346  1347  1348  1349  1350  1351  1352  1353  1354  1355  1356  1357  1358  1359  1360  1361  1362  1363

2. Local Development  1364  1364  1365  1366  1367  1368  1369  1370  1371  1372  1373  1374  1375  1376  1377  1378  1379  1380  1381  1382  1383  1384  1385  1386  1387  1388  1389  1390  1391  1392

British Isles, 1364 -- France and Belgium, 1381 -- Germany, 1384 -- Southern Germany, Bohemia, 1385 -- Alps, Italy, 1386 -- Russia, 1387 -- Spitzbergen, 1388 -- Africa, 1388 -- Asia, 1389 -- Australasia, 1389 -- North America, 1390.

V. PERMIAN (DYAS)  1393  1393  1394  1395  1396  1397  1398  1399  1400  1401  1402  1403  1404  1405  1406  1407  1408  1409  1410  1411  1412  1413  1414  1415  1416  1417  1418
1. General Characters  1393

2. Local Development  1402

Britain, 1402 -- Germany, etc., 1405 -- Vosges, 1408 -- France, 1408 -- Alps, 1410 -- Russia, 1412 -- Asia, 1413 -- Australia, 1415 -- Africa, 141  -- North America 1416 -- Spitzbergen, 1417.

[VOLUME IV]

PART III. -- MESOZOIC OR SECONDARY, 1419  1419  1420  1421  1422
I. TRIASSIC  1422  1422  1423  1424  1425  1426  1427  1428  1429  1430  1431  1432  1433  1434  1435  1436  1437  1438  1439  1440  1441  1442  1443  1444  1445  1446  1447  1448  1449  1450  1451  1452  1453  1454  1455
1. General Characters  1423

2. Local Development  1432

Britain, 1432 -- Central Europe, 1438 -- Scandinavia, 1442 -- Alpine Trias, 1442 -- Spitzbergen, 1451 -- Asia, 1452 -- Australia, 1453 -- New Zealand, 1454 -- Africa, 1454 -- North America, 1454.

IL JURASSIC  1456  1456  1457  1458  1459  1460  1461  1462  1463  1464  1465  1466  1467  1468  1469  1470  1471  1472  1473  1474  1475  1476  1477  1478  1479  1480  1481  1482  1483  1484  1485  1486  1487  1488  1489  1490  1491  1492  1493  1494  1495  1496  1497  1498  1499  1500  1501  1502  1503  1504  1505  1506  1507  1508  1509  1510  1511  1512  1513  1514  1515  1516  1517

1. General Characters  1456

2. Local Development  1481

Britain, 1481 -- France and the Jura, 1500 -- Germany, 1509 -- Alps, 1512 -- Sweden, 1514 -- Russia, 1514 -- North America, 1515  -- Asia -- 1516 -- Australasia, 1517.

III. CRETACEOUS  1518 

1. General Characters  1518  1518  1519  1520  1521  1522  1523  1524  1525  1526  1527  1528  1529  1530  1531  1532  1533  1534  1535  1536  1537  1538  1539  1540  1541

2. local Development  1542  1542  1543  1544  1545  1546  1547  1548  1549  1550  1551  1552  1553  1554  1555  1556  1557  1558  1559  1560  1561  1562  1563  1564  1565  1566  1567  1568  1569  1570  1571  1572  1573  1574  1575  1576  1577  1578  1579  1580

Britain, 1543 -- France and Belgium, 1558 -- Germany, 1567 -- Switzerland, and the Chain of the Alps, 1569 -- Basin of the Mediterranean, 1572 -- Russia, 1572 -- India, 1574 -- North America, 1574 -- Australasia, 1579.


PART IV. -- CAINOZOIC OR TERTIARY, 1581.  1581  1582  1583  1584  1585  1586  1587
I.  EOCENE  1587

1. General Characters  1587  1587  1588  1589  1590  1591  1592  1593  1594

2. Local Development  1595  1595  1596  1597  1598  1599  1600  1601  1602  1603  1604  1605  1606  1607  1608  1609  1610  1611  1612  1613  1614  1615

Britain, 1595 -- Northern France and Belgium, 1603 -- Southern Europe, 1608 -- India, etc., 1611 -- North America, 1612 -- Australasia, 1613.

II. OLIGOOENE  1616

1. General Characters  1616  1616  1617  1618  1619

2. Local Development  1619  1619  1620  1621  1622  1623  1624  1625  1626  1627  1628  1629  1630  1631

Britain, 1619 -- France, 1623 -- Belgium, 1626 -- Germany, 1626 -- Switzerland, 1628 -- Vienna Basin, 1629 -- Italy, 1630 -- North America, 1630.

III. MIOCENE  1631

1. General Characters  1631  1631  1632  1633  1634  1635  1636  1637

2. Local Development  1637  1637  1638  1639  1640  1641  1642  1643  1644  1645  1646

France, 1637 -- Belgium, 1638 -- Germany, 1638 -- Mainz Basin, 1638 -- Vienna Basin, 1640 -- Switzerland, 1642 -- Italy, 1643 -- Greenland, 1643 -- India, 1644 -- North America, 1645 -- Australia, 1645 -- New Zealand, 1646.

IV. PLIOCENE  1647

1. General Characters  1647  1647  1648  1649  1650  1651  1652  1653

2. Local Development  1653  1653  1654  1655  1656  1657  1658  1659  1660  1661  1662  1663  1664  1665  1666  1667  1668  1669  1670  1671  1672  1673  1674  1675  1676

Britain, 1653 -- Belgium and Holland, 1664 -- France, 1664 -- Italy, 1666  -- Germany, 1668 -- Vienna Basin, 1668 -- Greece, 1670 -- Samos, 1672 -- India, 1672 -- North America, 1675 -- Australia, 1675 -- New Zealand, 1677.


PART V. -- POST-TERTIARY OR QUATERNARY, 1677.  1677  1678  1679
I. PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL  1679

1. General Characters  1679  1679  1680  1681  1682  1683  1684  1685  1686  1687  1688  1689  1690  1691  1692  1693  1694  1695  1696  1697  1698  1699  1700  1701  1702  1703  1704  1705  1706  1707  1708  1709  1710

Pre-glacial Land-surfaces, 1681 -- The Northern Ice-sheet, 1682 -- Ice-crumpled Rocks, 1691 -- Detritus of the Ice-sheet, Bowlderclay, Till, 1691 -- Inter-glacial beds, 1695 -- Evidences of Submergence, 1700 -- Second Glaciation, Re-elevation, Raised Beaches, 1702.

2. Local Development  1710  1710  1711  1712  1713  1714  1715  1716  1717  1718  1719  1720  1721  1722  1723  1724  1725  1726  1727  1728  1729  1730  1731  1732

Britain, 1710 -- Scandinavia, 1715 -- Germany, 1715 -- France, 1717 -- Belgium, 1719 -- The Alps, 1719 -- Russia, 1722 -- North America, 1723 -- India, 1730 -- Australasia, 1731.
II.  RECENT, POST-GLACIAL OR HUMAN PERIOD  1732

1. GeneraL Characters  1732 1732  1733  1734  1735  1736  1737  1738  1739  1740  1741  1742  1743  1744  1745

River Alluvia, 1736 -- Brick-Earths, 1736 -- Cavern Deposits, 1737  -- Calcareous Tufas, 1787 -- Loess, 1738 -- Palaeolithic Fauna, 1741  -- Neolithic, 1744.

2 Local Development  1746  1746  1747  1748  1749  1750  1751  1752

Britain, 1746 -- France, 1748 -- Germany, 1748 -- Switzerland, 1749 -- Denmark, 1749 -- North America, 1750 -- Australasla, 1751.
BOOK VII

  PHYSIOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY, 1752
 1752  1753  1754  1755  1756  1757  1758  1759  1760  1761  1762  1763  1764  1765  1766  1767  1768  1769  1770  1771  1772  1773  1774  1775  1776  1777  1778  1779  1780  1781  1782  1783  1784  1785  1786  1787  1788  1789  1790

1. Terrestrial Features due more or less directly to Disturbance of the Crust, 1758 -- 2. Terrestrial Features due to Volcanic Action, 1770 -- 3. Terrestrial Features due to denudation, 1772


INDEX 1791-1862  1791  1792  1793  1794  1795  1796  1797  1798  1799  1800  1801  1802  1803  1804  1805  1806  1807  1808  1809  1810  1811  1812  1813  1814  1815  1816  1817  1818  1819  1820  1821  1822  1823  1824  1825  1826  1827  1828  1829  1830  1831  1832  1833  1834  1835  1836  1837  1838  1839  1840  1841  1842  1843  1844  1845  1846  1847  1848  1849  1850  1851  1852  1853  1854  1855  1856  1857  1858  1859  1860  1861  1862

Note: High resolution (400 ppi) figures are located in the following folders:
Vol. I: Figures 1 to 79
Vol. II: Figures 80 to 301
Vol. III: Figures 302 to 376
Vol. IV: Figures 377 to 471