A HISTORY

OF

EUROPEAN THOUGHT

IN THE

NINETEENTH CENTURY


BY

JOHN THEODORE MERZ



In Four Volumes

1907-1914


VOLUME IV


William Blackwood and Sons
Edinburgh and London.

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.


August, 2006.

Copyright © 2006 by David C. Bossard.



CONTENTS.

superscription   iv
CHAPTER VII.

OF THE BEAUTIFUL.

 001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126

The Aesthetical century, 3; The term Aesthetic, 5; Aesthetics in the eighteenth century, 6; Systematised in Germany, 6; Sociological causes, 6; Stimulus from classical and foreign literatures, 8; Influence of the German University system, 8; Kant, 9; The Critique of Judgment, 12; Schiller, 13; Special mission of Art, 16; Influence of Revolution, 19; Schiller's assimilation of Kantian Ethics, 21; Split in the humanistic movement, 21; Goethe's "inner freedom," 22; Severance of art and literature from practice, 23; Schelling the philosopher of Romanticism, 24; Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, 27; Kant's theory of disinterested pleasure, 28; The Beautiful and the Sublime, 28; Schiller's "Play-theory," 30; Nature and Art, 34; Personality of the Artist, 34; The "Characteristic," 36; Goethe on seriousness and play, 38; Schelling on Art and the problem of Reality, 39; This only a transitional point of view, 41 ; Philosophical meaning of Schelling's attempt, 43; Mythology, 45; Want of logical method in Schelling, 47; This supplied by Hegel, 48; Neglect of active process, 49; Place of Esthetics in Hegel's system, 51; Art, Religion, and Philosophy form an ascending series, 53; Art abandoned by Schelliug for mysticism, 56; Hegel unappreciative of natural beauty, 56; Solger, 57; Chr. H. Weisse, 60; Lotze's version of Weisse's doctrine, 65; Schopenhauer and von Hartmann, 69; Peculiarity of Schopenhauer's philosophy, 70; His happy interpretation of the beautiful in nature as well as in art, 75; His grouping of the arts, 79; His theory of Music, 79; Von Hartmann, 83; Contrast of Will and Intellect, transcended in the Unconscious, 84; Philosophy rooted in poetry, 88; The mystical, 89; Art and the Beautiful subordinate to philosophy, 89; F. A. Lange, 90; Contrast with similar view of earlier thinkers, 91; Problem of Reality abandoned, 91; Unsystematic Asthetics in England: Ruskin, 95; Spencer and the play-theory, 101; Psychology of aesthetics and Ethics 101; Herbart, 102; His introduction of the term Value, 106; Developed by Lotze, 107; Closer connection of Aesthetics and Ethics, 107; J. M. Guyau, 109; Evolutionary view, 111; New epoch in aesthetics, 113; The Beautiful a larger Life, 114; Comparison with Lotze, 114; Life substituted for Mind, 116; Reluctance to deal with metaphysics, 117; B. Croce, 119; Schleiermacher, 122; Art a larger language, 123; Necessity of recurring to other problems, 125; Ethical problem, 125.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF THE GOOD.

 127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186187  188  189  190  191  192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259
           

Ethics a British science, 127; New beginnings of ethics in Germany and France, 128; Different atmosphere of moral philosophy in this country, 129; Basis of Order, 130; Contrast of Revolution, 130; Different conditions in Germany, 133; Free inquiry into metaphysical foundations of morality, 135; Idea of Development absent, but latterly most influential in England, 137; Comprehensiveness of Ethics in England, 138; Bentham, 139; Absence in him of the conservative spirit, 140; Legal reform on basis of moral principle of utility, 142; Contrast between Bentham and Kant, 144; Formalism in Kant's ethics, 146; The "Good Will," 146; Gap in Kant's ethics, 149; Separate questions involved in the problem of the Good, 150; J. S. Mill, 152; Comte's influence on Mill, 154; The development from Kant, 155; Schiller, 156; Fichte, 160; Schelling, 166; Morality and Religion, 166; The Moral Order, 167; Twofold interpretation of this, 167; Schleiermacher, 171; Three aspects of his ethics, 175; Hegel, 179; Contrast with Schleiermacher, 180; Comte's Positivism, 182; The social Self, 183; Idea of progress, 184; Comte's positive view distinguished from German metaphysics and English psychology, 185; Influences that moulded his ideas, 188; Neglects philosophical ethics, 189; A new social order, 191; Hegel and the historical problem, 193; Divergent application of his thought, 194; Used in the interest of conservative reaction, 196; But also turned in the opposite direction, 196; This movement promoted by the idea of Development, 198; Göschel, Strauss, and Feuerbach, 198; Feuerbach and Comte compared, 201; Revival of ethical studies, 202; Herbart, 205; Lotze's doctrine of values, 206; Metaphysics based on ethics, 207; Evidence of recent tendencies, 209; Schopenbauer's doctrine of the primacy of the Will, 209; Darwinian evolution as a corrective of pessimism in Germany, 211; Anthropology, 212; Antithesis between fixed moral ideals and the study of the genesis of morality, 213; Herbert Spencer, 214; Influence in England of Kant, 215; T. H. Green and Ed. Caird, 216; Green and Lotze, 217; Green and Spencer, 221; Sidgwick's 'Methods of Ethics,' 223; Sedgwick and Lotze, 224; Do not sufficiently appreciate Evolution, 227; Spencer's acknowledged disappointment, 229; Mill and Huxley on the cosmic process, 232; Hypothetical Idealism, 232; Attempts at synthesis of idealism and naturalism, 233; Fouillee's Idées-forces, 237; J. M. Guyau, 242; Indefiniteness of 'the Ideal' as conceived by these thinkers, 244; Theories of value in Germany, 244; Reaction against these analytical researches, 246; Fr. Nietzsche, 246; Two theories of the Good: ends and duties, 250; Paulsen's Ethics, 251; Return to Kantian Ethics, 254; W. Wundt, 254; Necessity of going beyond pure ethics, 257; Problems of the Spirit and of Human Society, 258.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE SPIRIT.



 260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331  332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378  379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401  402  403  404  405  406  407  408  409  410  411  412  413  414  415  416  417  418  419

Internationalisation of thought, 260; More marked in Science than in Philosophy, 261; Especially as the problems become more speculative, 262; Least of all in the religious problem, 262; Relation of Philosophy and Theology, 263; Geist, Spirit, and Mind, 263; Distinction in Germany between theological and philosophical literature, 265; As also between scientific and philosophical literature, 266; Schleiermacher, 268; Absence of dualism in England, 268; Advantages and disadvantages of rigid lines, 269; Metaphysical point of view, 271; Psychological point of view, 271; Historical point of view, 272; Union of Kant's ethics and Schleiermacher's psychology, 274; Kant's three verities, 277; Twofold order of ideas, 277; Mixed with duality of sensible and intelligible world, 279; The reconciliation, 283; Fichte's and Schopenhauer's solution, 285; Different movements converge in Schleiermacher, 287; Uplifting of popular education, 291; Hegel's formula for religion, 293; Jacobi's opposition, 296; Hamann and Herder, 300; Influence of extramural teaching on the schools, 303; Schleiermacber's grasp of historical religion, 305; Aesthetical and social conception of religion, 309; Neglect of Schleiermacher's psychology, 316; Three distinct conceptions, 319; Albrecht Ritschl, 320; Gap in his theory: Lotze, 324; Different treatment by Kant, Hegel, Schleiermacher, 324; Lotze on "Personality," 327; His relations to Weisse, 329; Personality not a limitation, 331; Relation of Lotze to Hegel and Schleiermacber, 333; The "Miraculous," 334; Nature and the Supernatural, 341; The mechanical and the spiritual in Kant, 342; Fechner and Lotze, 343; Relation between Personality and the Highest Good, 345; Existence of Evil, 345; The idea of a Revelation, 347; Ritschl's assertion of the independence of religious beliefs, 348; Radical distinction of religious from scientific and philosophical thought, 351; Natural Religion, 352; Goethe on the spirit of worship, 355; Carlyle and Goethe, 356; The British and the German mind, 358; English thought neither radical nor systematic, 360; English ideas developed abroad, 361; Hume on Religion, 364; Mill's 'Three Essays,' 365; Mansel's "Bampton Lectures," 367; Attacked by Maurice and Mill, 368; Spencer, 369; Later Oxford philosophy, 370; Thesis of the idealistic school. .371; Absence of definite ideas comparable with those of Naturalism, 372; Discussion of Personality, 373; Empirical and transcendental consciousness, 373; The ethical problem, 373; Discussion in 'Nineteenth Century': Martineau, 374; Comtian view, 378; Morality and historical religion, 379; Can there be an independent morality? 380; Balfour's 'Foundations of Belief,' 381; Coincidence with the Hegelian position, 385; Points of contact with Lotze, 386; Problem of moral education, 388; Pessimism and extreme Individualism, 390; Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, 390; Renewed interest in religious problem, 393; W. H. Mallock, 394; Religious philosophy in France, 397; De Lamennais, 400; Reversion to a position like Hegel's, 405; Departure from this in the thought of the day, 406; The problem of progress, 407; The difficulty of Evil and Sin, 407; J. M. Guyau, 408; Morality the "last dogma," 411 ; Transformation of the theological 'view, 414; Religious interest in the problem of Society, 419.

CHAPTER X.

OF SOCIETY.


 420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446  447  448  449  450  451  452  453  454  455  456  457  458  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466  467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477  478  479  480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497  498  499  500  501  502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518  519  520  521  522  523  524  525  526  527  528  529  530  531  532  533  534  535  536  537  538  539  540  541  542  543  544  545  546  547  548  549  550  551  552  553  554  555  556  557  558  559  560  561  562  563  564  565  566  567  568  569  570  571  572  573  574  575  576  577  578  579  580  581  582  583  584  585  586  587  588  589  590

The social problem in the largest sense not recognised before the eighteenth century, 420; American struggle for independence, 422; The French Revolution, 423; Herder and Rousseau, 423; Vico, Kames, and Monboddo, 424; Herder's idea of Humanity, 425; Contrast between Voltaire and Rousseau, 427; Utopism in earlier English literature, 428; Special problems, Adam Smith and Bentham, 429; James and J. S. Mill, 429; Characteristic differences in the three literatures, 430; Sociology: Comte, 430; 'Synopsis' as opposed to 'Atomism,' 431; Ethical interest in sociology, 437; Ethical and theological interests separated in France, 439; Centre of gravity of the ethical system changed, 441; Kant's position, 443; Contrast between English and French sociology, 443; Absence in both alike of metaphysical stage, 445; Division of the problem, 446; Constitution of Society treated in France, 447; Economic problem in Britain, 447; Problem of History of Society in Germany, 448; Centre of Sociology in France, 448; Ideas of return to Nature and of Perfectability, 449; Rousseau, 450; The "Physiocrats," 452; Adam Smith, 455; Hume, 456; Contrast between A. Smith's Ethics and Economics, 457; Social harmony sought in principle of Justice, 457; Ricardo and Malthus, 459; Reactionary school: de Bonald and de Maistre, 463; The Socialists, 465; Saint-Simon, 466; Relation to Comte, 470; Influence of France on Germany, 474; Kant, 475; Fichte, 477; Hegel, 479; Comte's philosophy of history, 481; Comte and Hegel compared, 482; 'Law of the Three States,' 483; Early Tract on 'Social Polity' involves Comte's whole programme, 487; Contemporary reception of Comte's and Hegel's doctrines, 492; Greater appeal of some of Comte's qualities to English readers, 494; Influence on J. S. Mill, 495; Attitude of Mill to German thought, 498 ; The historical spirit in Hegel and Comte, 500; The idealist conception, 500; Comte's search for the ensemble, 502; Relation to Darwin's discovery, 504; Generalised Positivism: Taine, 505; His theory of environment, race, and epoch, 507; Buckle, 510; Lazarus and Steinthal, 511; Th. Waitz, 513; Blumenbach, 513; J. C. Prichard, 514; Broca, 514; Influence of Darwin and Spencer, 515; Society as an Organism, 518; Antithesis between Individual and the State, 520; Schäffle, 521 ; Fouillée, 523; Spencer's intellectual history, 526; Spencer and Hegel contrasted, 529; Combination of utilitarian and intuitional views in Morals, 532; Scientific and practical interests, 533; Three sociological theories, 533; Socialism, .535; Karl Marx, 536; His position in the history of thought, 538; His central idea, 538; The dualism of Saint-Simon and Comte disappears, 539; Influence of British Political Economy, 540; The Ricardian theories the basis of his industrial philosophy, 543; Influence of his theory, 544; Influence of Science and popular spirit, .544; Examples of efforts towards economic reconstruction, 546; Fichte's "closed industrial state," 547; J. H. von Thünen, 553; Sociology: a new science, 557; Tarde and Durkheim, 558; Durkheim's philosophy of history, 560; Tarde's opposed individualistic theory, 563; Laws developed by him, 564; His criticism of Spencer, 565; Ranke and Lamprecht, 569; The idea of Nationality, 574; Industrial development, 577; Wundt's Anthropology, 579; Dilthey, 580; Contrast with Larnprecht, 585; Ultimate conflict in the sphere of religious ideas, 585.

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE UNITY OF THOUGHT.



 591  592  593  594  595  596  597  598  599  600  601  602  603  604  605  606  607  608  609  610  611  612  613  614  615  616  617  618  619  620  621  622  623  624  625  626  627  628  629  630  631  632  633  634  635  636  637  638  639  640  641  642  643  644  645  646  647  648  649  650  651  652  653  654  655  656  657  658  659  660  661  662  663  664  665  666  667  668  669  670  671  672  673  674  675  676  677  678  679  680  681  682  683  684  685  686  687  688  689  690  691  692  693  694  695  696  697  698  699  700  701  702  703  704  705  706  707  708  709  710  711  712  713  714  715  716  717  718  719  720  721  722  723  724  725  726  727  728  729  730  731  732  733  734  735

Special philosophical problems, 591; Change in their relative importance, 591; Tendency to specialism, 592; Failure to attain unity of thought, 594; Monistic tendency, 594; Change in German thought, 595; Lotze's intermediate position, 597; Lotze's definition of philosophy, 600; Relation of Lotze to the Idealists, 603; Two views as to unification provoked by Kant, 604; British contributions in psychology and logic, 607; Influence of physiology, 608; Return of the religious interest in philosophy, 609; Altered aspect of this interest, 610; Loss of confidence in the powers of the human mind, 611; Different attitudes in the three countries, 612; Questions of certitude of belief and sanction for moral law, 613; Retrospect, 614; Position in Germany at the beginning of the century, 618; Unifying principles in Kant, 622; Fichte, 624; Fichte's anticipation of later aspects, 630; Schelling, 630; Reintroduction of dualism, 635; Schleiermacher's Addresses, 640; Hegel, 642; Hegel's preparation, 643; Hegel's principle, 644; Two conceptions in Hegel's method, 647; The secret of Hegel's genius, 650; The last outcome of the idealistic movement, 652; The three subsequent systems, 653 Schopenhauer, 653; Comte and Spencer, 653; The scientific and the social interests, 654; Three classes of thinkers, 655; Scientific philosophy in Germany, 656; Altered conception of the task of philosophy; Lotze, 657; Antecedents and surroundings of Lotze, 658; Lotze's monism and dualism, 660; Personality a central idea, 663; Philosophy a reconciliation, 664; Entry of the positive spirit, 665; Lotze's scheme not recognised, 666; Schopenhauer and von Hartmann, 668; The principle of Will, 671; Dualism of Will and Intellect, 672; Pessimism, 674; Contrast between Schopeuhauei and von Hartmann, 675; Religious interest in von Hartmann, 677; Positivism of Comte, 679; His social aim, 680; His religious interest, 680; Different from that in Germany, 681; And in England, 681; Unifying tendency in Comte, 683; Point of contact with Schopenhauer, 685; Parallel between Comte and Hegel, 687; Solitary position of Comte, 688; Herbert Spencer, 689; Reconciliation of science and religion, 691; Spencer and Lotze, 692; Formative ideas of Spencer's philosophy, 693; Contrast with Comte, 696; Unlikeness of Spencer's Evolution to that of Schelling and Hegel, 69'; His ethical rule, 698; Nature of the unification attained, 698; The social problem central as with Comte, 700; Criticisms and developments of Spencer, 701 ; Incompleteness of Spencer's Evolution, 74; Nonmechanical phenomena, 705; Defects of mechanical scheme of evolution recognised in all three countries, 707; T. H. Green, 707; W. Wundt, 708; His approach to philosophy contrasted with Spencer's, 709; Wundt a true representative of "Wissensehaft," 711; "Creative Synthesis," 712; Rejection of the term Substance as applied to mind, 714; Idea of Infinite Collective Will, 716; Recognition of religious conceptions, 719; Actualism in French thought: Fouille, 722; J. M. Guyau, 724; H. Bergeon, 724; R. Eucken, 725; W. James, 726; Relative absence of system 726; Return to the introspective method, 731.

CHAPTER XII.

THE RATIONALE OF PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT.



 736  737  738  739  740  741  742  743  744  745  746  747  748  749  750  751  752  753  754  755  756  757  758  759  760  761  762  763  764  765  766  767  768  769  770  771  772  773  774  775  776  777  778  779  780  781  782  783  784  785  786  787  788  789

Mathematics and Metaphysics, 736; Both progressive, 736; Influence of science, 737; And of criticism, 737; Scientific methods, 738; Scientific principles at the beginning of the nineteenth century, 739; "Force and Matter," 740; "Idealism," 741 ; An episode in the general movement, 741; Ambiguity of Hegel's Geist, 742; Similar ambiguity of the term Evolution, 744; The philosophical problem as left by Hegel and Spencer not solved by their successors, 745; The period of transition, 746; Lotze's view concerning philosophical thought, 748; Critical attitude of later thought, 752; Study of Origins, 753; Naturalistic bias of English philosophy, 753; Reaction under the influence of Hegel, 754; H. Sidgwick's Ethics, 756; Theory of Knowledge, 756; Wundt, 757; Agnosticism, 758; Inadequacy of mechanical ideas, 759; Positivism and the social aim, 760; Reversal of the positions of Naturalism and Idealism, 761; New phase of Idealism, 762; The episode of Pessimism, 762; Fr. Nietzsche, 764; Contrast with other thinkers, 764; The lesson of the 'Microcosmus,' 766; Comparison with Humboldt's 'Kosmos,' 767; Unification of thought not arrested by failure, 768; The scientific order an abstraction, 769; Contrast with the inner world, 770; Introspection the way to unification, 771; Study of facts of consciousness, 772; Possible reconciliation of the scientific and religious views, 773; The Synoptic view, 774; Why the atomising process is inadequate, 776; Illustration of the right attitude by a picture, 778; Regions in the firmament of the soul, 780; The definite contrasted with the vague, 781; Desire for interpretation of the latter, 783; From the less definite region the spiritual world is constructed, 784; Of this the physical universe is merely a portion, 784; The present Section of this History leads to a study of poetical and religious thought, 786; Recent tendencies restated, 786; The ultimate reality, 789,

Index  791  792  793  794  795  796  797  798  799  800  801  802  803  804  805  806  807  808  809  810  811  812  813  814  815  816  817  818  819  820  821  822  823  824  825