The Aesthetical century, 3; The term Aesthetic, 5; Aesthetics in the
eighteenth century, 6; Systematised in Germany, 6; Sociological causes,
6; Stimulus from classical and foreign literatures, 8; Influence of the
German University system, 8; Kant, 9; The Critique of Judgment, 12;
Schiller, 13; Special mission of Art, 16; Influence of Revolution, 19;
Schiller's assimilation of Kantian Ethics, 21; Split in the humanistic
movement, 21; Goethe's "inner freedom," 22; Severance of art and
literature from practice, 23; Schelling the philosopher of Romanticism,
24; Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, 27; Kant's theory of disinterested
pleasure, 28; The Beautiful and the Sublime, 28; Schiller's
"Play-theory," 30; Nature and Art, 34; Personality of the Artist, 34;
The "Characteristic," 36; Goethe on seriousness and play, 38; Schelling
on Art and the problem of Reality, 39; This only a transitional point
of view, 41 ; Philosophical meaning of Schelling's attempt, 43;
Mythology, 45; Want of logical method in Schelling, 47; This supplied
by Hegel, 48; Neglect of active process, 49; Place of Esthetics in
Hegel's system, 51; Art, Religion, and Philosophy form an ascending
series, 53; Art abandoned by Schelliug for mysticism, 56; Hegel
unappreciative of natural beauty, 56; Solger, 57; Chr. H. Weisse, 60;
Lotze's version of Weisse's doctrine, 65; Schopenhauer and von
Hartmann, 69; Peculiarity of Schopenhauer's philosophy, 70; His happy
interpretation of the beautiful in nature as well as in art, 75; His
grouping of the arts, 79; His theory of Music, 79; Von Hartmann, 83;
Contrast of Will and Intellect, transcended in the Unconscious, 84;
Philosophy rooted in poetry, 88; The mystical, 89; Art and the
Beautiful subordinate to philosophy, 89; F. A. Lange, 90; Contrast with
similar view of earlier thinkers, 91; Problem of Reality abandoned, 91;
Unsystematic Asthetics in England: Ruskin, 95; Spencer and the
play-theory, 101; Psychology of aesthetics and Ethics 101; Herbart,
102;
His introduction of the term Value, 106; Developed by Lotze, 107;
Closer connection of Aesthetics and Ethics, 107; J. M. Guyau, 109;
Evolutionary view, 111; New epoch in aesthetics, 113; The Beautiful a
larger Life, 114; Comparison with Lotze, 114; Life substituted for
Mind, 116; Reluctance to deal with metaphysics, 117; B. Croce, 119;
Schleiermacher, 122; Art a larger language, 123; Necessity of recurring
to other problems, 125; Ethical problem, 125.
Ethics a British science, 127; New beginnings of ethics in Germany and
France, 128; Different atmosphere of moral philosophy in this country,
129; Basis of Order, 130; Contrast of Revolution, 130; Different
conditions in Germany, 133; Free inquiry into metaphysical foundations
of morality, 135; Idea of Development absent, but latterly most
influential in England, 137; Comprehensiveness of Ethics in England,
138; Bentham, 139; Absence in him of the conservative spirit, 140;
Legal reform on basis of moral principle of utility, 142; Contrast
between Bentham and Kant, 144; Formalism in Kant's ethics, 146; The
"Good Will," 146; Gap in Kant's ethics, 149; Separate questions
involved in the problem of the Good, 150; J. S. Mill, 152; Comte's
influence on Mill, 154; The development from Kant, 155; Schiller, 156;
Fichte, 160; Schelling, 166; Morality and Religion, 166; The Moral
Order, 167; Twofold interpretation of this, 167; Schleiermacher, 171;
Three aspects of his ethics, 175; Hegel, 179; Contrast with
Schleiermacher, 180; Comte's Positivism, 182; The social Self, 183;
Idea of progress, 184; Comte's positive view distinguished from German
metaphysics and English psychology, 185; Influences that moulded his
ideas, 188; Neglects philosophical ethics, 189; A new social order,
191; Hegel and the historical problem, 193; Divergent application of
his
thought, 194; Used in the interest of conservative reaction, 196; But
also turned in the opposite direction, 196; This movement promoted by
the idea of Development, 198; Göschel, Strauss, and Feuerbach,
198; Feuerbach and Comte compared, 201; Revival of ethical
studies, 202; Herbart, 205; Lotze's doctrine of values, 206;
Metaphysics based on ethics, 207; Evidence of recent tendencies, 209;
Schopenbauer's doctrine of the primacy of the Will, 209; Darwinian
evolution as a corrective of pessimism in Germany, 211; Anthropology,
212; Antithesis between fixed moral ideals and the study of the genesis
of morality, 213; Herbert Spencer, 214; Influence in England of Kant,
215; T. H. Green and Ed. Caird, 216; Green and Lotze, 217; Green and
Spencer, 221; Sidgwick's 'Methods of Ethics,' 223; Sedgwick and Lotze,
224; Do not sufficiently appreciate Evolution, 227; Spencer's
acknowledged disappointment, 229; Mill and Huxley on the cosmic
process, 232; Hypothetical Idealism, 232; Attempts at synthesis of
idealism and naturalism, 233; Fouillee's Idées-forces, 237; J.
M. Guyau, 242; Indefiniteness of 'the Ideal' as conceived by these
thinkers, 244; Theories of value in Germany, 244; Reaction against
these analytical researches, 246; Fr. Nietzsche, 246; Two theories of
the Good: ends and duties, 250; Paulsen's Ethics, 251; Return to
Kantian Ethics, 254; W. Wundt, 254; Necessity of going beyond pure
ethics, 257; Problems of the Spirit and of Human Society, 258.
Internationalisation of thought, 260; More marked in Science than in
Philosophy, 261; Especially as the problems become more speculative,
262; Least of all in the religious problem, 262; Relation of Philosophy
and Theology, 263; Geist, Spirit, and Mind, 263; Distinction in Germany
between theological and philosophical literature, 265; As also between
scientific and philosophical literature, 266; Schleiermacher, 268;
Absence of dualism in England, 268; Advantages and disadvantages of
rigid lines, 269; Metaphysical point of view, 271; Psychological point
of view, 271; Historical point of view, 272; Union of Kant's ethics and
Schleiermacher's psychology, 274; Kant's three verities, 277; Twofold
order of ideas, 277; Mixed with duality of sensible and intelligible
world, 279; The reconciliation, 283; Fichte's and Schopenhauer's
solution, 285; Different movements converge in Schleiermacher, 287;
Uplifting of popular education, 291; Hegel's formula for religion, 293;
Jacobi's opposition, 296; Hamann and Herder, 300; Influence of
extramural teaching on the
schools, 303; Schleiermacber's grasp of historical religion, 305;
Aesthetical and social conception of religion, 309; Neglect of
Schleiermacher's psychology, 316; Three distinct conceptions, 319;
Albrecht Ritschl, 320; Gap in his theory: Lotze, 324; Different
treatment by Kant, Hegel, Schleiermacher, 324; Lotze on "Personality,"
327; His relations to Weisse, 329; Personality not a limitation, 331;
Relation of Lotze to Hegel and Schleiermacber, 333; The "Miraculous,"
334; Nature and the Supernatural, 341; The mechanical and the spiritual
in Kant, 342; Fechner and Lotze, 343; Relation between Personality and
the Highest Good, 345; Existence of Evil, 345; The idea of a
Revelation, 347; Ritschl's assertion of the independence of religious
beliefs, 348; Radical distinction of religious from scientific and
philosophical thought, 351; Natural Religion, 352; Goethe on the spirit
of worship, 355; Carlyle and Goethe, 356; The British and the German
mind, 358; English thought neither radical nor systematic, 360; English
ideas developed abroad, 361; Hume on Religion, 364; Mill's 'Three
Essays,' 365; Mansel's "Bampton Lectures," 367; Attacked by Maurice and
Mill, 368; Spencer, 369; Later Oxford philosophy, 370; Thesis of the
idealistic school. .371; Absence of definite ideas comparable with
those of Naturalism, 372; Discussion of Personality, 373; Empirical and
transcendental consciousness, 373; The ethical problem, 373; Discussion
in 'Nineteenth Century': Martineau, 374; Comtian view, 378; Morality
and historical religion, 379; Can there be an independent morality?
380; Balfour's 'Foundations of Belief,' 381; Coincidence with the
Hegelian position, 385; Points of contact with Lotze, 386; Problem of
moral education, 388; Pessimism and extreme Individualism, 390;
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, 390; Renewed interest in religious problem,
393; W. H. Mallock, 394; Religious philosophy in France, 397; De
Lamennais, 400; Reversion to a position like Hegel's, 405; Departure
from this in the thought of the day, 406; The problem of progress, 407;
The difficulty of Evil and Sin, 407; J. M. Guyau, 408; Morality the
"last dogma," 411 ; Transformation of the theological 'view, 414;
Religious interest in the problem of Society, 419.
The social problem in the largest sense not recognised before the
eighteenth century, 420; American struggle for independence, 422; The
French Revolution, 423; Herder and Rousseau, 423; Vico, Kames, and
Monboddo, 424; Herder's idea of Humanity, 425; Contrast
between Voltaire and Rousseau, 427; Utopism in earlier English
literature, 428; Special problems, Adam Smith and Bentham, 429; James
and J. S. Mill, 429; Characteristic differences in the three
literatures, 430; Sociology: Comte, 430; 'Synopsis' as opposed to
'Atomism,' 431; Ethical interest in sociology, 437; Ethical and
theological interests separated in France, 439; Centre of gravity of
the ethical system changed, 441; Kant's position, 443; Contrast between
English and French sociology, 443; Absence in both alike of
metaphysical stage, 445; Division of the problem, 446; Constitution of
Society treated in France, 447; Economic problem in Britain, 447;
Problem of History of Society in Germany, 448; Centre of Sociology in
France, 448; Ideas of return to Nature and of Perfectability, 449;
Rousseau, 450; The "Physiocrats," 452; Adam Smith, 455; Hume, 456;
Contrast between A. Smith's Ethics and Economics, 457; Social harmony
sought in principle of Justice, 457; Ricardo and Malthus, 459;
Reactionary school: de Bonald and de Maistre, 463; The Socialists, 465;
Saint-Simon, 466; Relation to Comte, 470; Influence of France on
Germany, 474; Kant, 475; Fichte, 477; Hegel, 479; Comte's philosophy of
history, 481; Comte and Hegel compared, 482; 'Law of the Three States,'
483; Early Tract on 'Social Polity' involves Comte's whole programme,
487; Contemporary reception of Comte's and Hegel's doctrines, 492;
Greater appeal of some of Comte's qualities to English readers, 494;
Influence on J. S. Mill, 495; Attitude of Mill to German thought, 498 ;
The historical spirit in Hegel and Comte, 500; The idealist conception,
500; Comte's search for the ensemble,
502; Relation to Darwin's
discovery, 504; Generalised Positivism: Taine, 505; His theory of
environment, race, and epoch, 507; Buckle, 510; Lazarus and Steinthal,
511; Th. Waitz, 513; Blumenbach, 513; J. C. Prichard, 514; Broca, 514;
Influence of Darwin and Spencer, 515; Society as an Organism, 518;
Antithesis between Individual and the State, 520; Schäffle, 521 ;
Fouillée, 523; Spencer's intellectual history, 526; Spencer and
Hegel contrasted, 529; Combination of utilitarian and intuitional views
in Morals, 532; Scientific and practical interests, 533; Three
sociological theories, 533; Socialism, .535; Karl Marx, 536; His
position in the history of thought, 538; His central idea, 538; The
dualism of Saint-Simon and Comte disappears, 539; Influence of British
Political Economy, 540; The Ricardian theories the basis of his
industrial philosophy, 543; Influence of his theory, 544; Influence of
Science and popular spirit, .544; Examples of efforts towards economic
reconstruction, 546; Fichte's "closed industrial state," 547; J. H.
von Thünen, 553; Sociology: a new science, 557; Tarde and
Durkheim, 558; Durkheim's
philosophy of history, 560; Tarde's opposed individualistic theory,
563; Laws developed by him, 564; His criticism of Spencer, 565; Ranke
and Lamprecht, 569; The idea of Nationality, 574; Industrial
development, 577; Wundt's Anthropology, 579; Dilthey, 580; Contrast
with Larnprecht, 585; Ultimate conflict in the sphere of religious
ideas, 585.
Special philosophical problems, 591; Change in their relative
importance, 591; Tendency to specialism, 592; Failure to attain unity
of thought, 594; Monistic tendency, 594; Change in German thought, 595;
Lotze's intermediate position, 597; Lotze's definition of philosophy,
600; Relation of Lotze to the Idealists, 603; Two views as to
unification provoked by Kant, 604; British contributions in psychology
and logic, 607; Influence of physiology, 608; Return of the religious
interest in philosophy, 609; Altered aspect of this interest, 610; Loss
of confidence in the powers of the human mind, 611; Different attitudes
in the three countries, 612; Questions of certitude of belief and
sanction for moral law, 613; Retrospect, 614; Position in Germany at
the beginning of the century, 618; Unifying
principles in Kant, 622; Fichte, 624; Fichte's anticipation of later
aspects, 630; Schelling, 630; Reintroduction of dualism, 635;
Schleiermacher's Addresses, 640; Hegel, 642; Hegel's preparation, 643;
Hegel's principle, 644; Two conceptions in Hegel's method, 647; The
secret of Hegel's genius, 650; The last outcome of the idealistic
movement, 652; The three subsequent systems, 653 Schopenhauer, 653;
Comte and Spencer, 653; The scientific and the
social interests, 654; Three classes of thinkers, 655; Scientific
philosophy in Germany, 656; Altered conception of the task of
philosophy; Lotze, 657; Antecedents and surroundings of Lotze, 658;
Lotze's monism and dualism, 660; Personality a central idea, 663;
Philosophy a reconciliation, 664; Entry of the positive spirit, 665;
Lotze's scheme not recognised, 666; Schopenhauer and von Hartmann, 668;
The principle of Will, 671; Dualism of Will and Intellect, 672;
Pessimism, 674; Contrast between Schopeuhauei and von Hartmann, 675;
Religious interest in von Hartmann, 677; Positivism of Comte, 679; His
social aim, 680; His religious interest, 680; Different from that in
Germany, 681; And in England, 681; Unifying tendency in Comte, 683;
Point of contact with Schopenhauer,
685; Parallel between Comte and Hegel, 687; Solitary position of Comte,
688; Herbert Spencer, 689; Reconciliation of science and religion, 691;
Spencer and Lotze, 692; Formative ideas of Spencer's philosophy, 693;
Contrast with Comte, 696; Unlikeness of Spencer's Evolution to that of
Schelling and Hegel, 69'; His ethical rule, 698; Nature of the
unification attained, 698; The social problem central as with Comte,
700; Criticisms and developments of Spencer, 701 ; Incompleteness of
Spencer's Evolution, 74; Nonmechanical phenomena, 705; Defects of
mechanical scheme of evolution recognised in all three countries, 707;
T. H. Green, 707; W. Wundt, 708; His approach to philosophy contrasted
with Spencer's, 709; Wundt a true representative of "Wissensehaft,"
711; "Creative Synthesis," 712; Rejection of the term Substance as
applied to mind, 714; Idea of Infinite Collective Will, 716;
Recognition of religious conceptions, 719; Actualism in French thought:
Fouille, 722; J. M. Guyau, 724; H. Bergeon, 724; R. Eucken, 725; W.
James, 726; Relative absence of system 726; Return to the introspective
method, 731.
Mathematics and Metaphysics, 736; Both progressive, 736; Influence of
science, 737; And of criticism, 737; Scientific methods, 738;
Scientific principles at the beginning of the nineteenth century, 739;
"Force and Matter," 740; "Idealism," 741 ; An episode in the general
movement, 741; Ambiguity of Hegel's Geist, 742; Similar ambiguity of
the term Evolution, 744; The philosophical problem as left by Hegel and
Spencer not solved by their successors, 745; The period of transition,
746; Lotze's view concerning philosophical thought, 748; Critical
attitude of later thought, 752; Study of Origins, 753; Naturalistic
bias of English philosophy, 753; Reaction under the influence of Hegel,
754; H. Sidgwick's Ethics, 756; Theory of Knowledge, 756; Wundt, 757;
Agnosticism, 758; Inadequacy of mechanical ideas, 759; Positivism and
the social aim, 760; Reversal of the positions of Naturalism and
Idealism, 761; New phase of Idealism, 762; The episode of Pessimism,
762; Fr. Nietzsche, 764; Contrast with other thinkers, 764; The lesson
of the 'Microcosmus,' 766; Comparison with Humboldt's 'Kosmos,' 767;
Unification of thought not arrested by failure, 768; The scientific
order an abstraction, 769; Contrast with the inner world, 770;
Introspection the way to unification, 771; Study of facts of
consciousness, 772; Possible reconciliation of the scientific and
religious views, 773; The Synoptic view, 774; Why the atomising process
is inadequate, 776; Illustration of the right attitude by a picture,
778; Regions in the firmament of the soul, 780; The definite contrasted
with the vague, 781; Desire for interpretation of the latter, 783; From
the less definite region the spiritual world is constructed, 784; Of
this the physical universe is merely a portion, 784; The present
Section of this History leads to a study of poetical and religious
thought, 786; Recent tendencies restated, 786; The ultimate reality,
789,
