The History of Creation by Ernst Haeckel

THE

HISTORY OF CREATION:

OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH AND ITS

INHABITANTS BY THE ACTION OF NATURAL CAUSES.

A POPULAR EXPOSITION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION IN GENERAL, AND THAT OF

DARWIN, GOETHE, AND LAMARCK IN PARTICULAR.

From the German of

ERNST HAECKEL
Professor in the University of Jena.

The Translation Revised by

Professor E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S.,

Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.

In Two Volumes

Volume II

New York:
D. APPELTON AND COMPANY

1876

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.

January, 2006.

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Reform of Systems by the Theory of Descent. -- The Natural System as a Pedigree. -- Palæontological Records of the Pedigree. -- Petrifactions as Records of Creation. -- Deposits of the Neptunic Strata and the Enclosure of Organic Remains. -- Division of the Organic History of the Earth into Five Main Periods: Period of the Tangle Forests, Fern Forests, Pine Forests, Foliaceous Forests, and of Cultivation. -- The Series of Neptunic Strata. -- Immeasurable Duration of the Periods which have elapsed during their Formation. -- Deposits of Strata only during the Sinking, not during the Elevation of the Ground. -- Other Gaps in the Records of Creation. -- Metamorphic Condition of the most Ancient Neptuntic Strata. -- Small Extent of Palæontological Experience. -- Small proportion of Organisms and of Parts of Organisms Capable of Petrifying. -- Rarity of many Petrified Species. -- Want of Fossilised Intermediate Forms. -- Records of the Creation in Ontogeny and in Comparative Anatomy.

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Special Mode of Carrying out the Theory of Descent in the Natural System of Organisms. -- Construction of Pedigrees. -- Descent of all Many-celled from Single-celled Organisms. -- Descent of Cells from Monera. -- Meaning of Organic Tribes, or Phyla. -- Number of the Tribes in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. -- The Monophyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of one Common Progenitor, and the Polyphyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of many Progenitors. -- The Kingdom of Protista, or Primæval Beings. -- Eight Classes of the Protista Kingdom: Monera, Amœbæ, or Protoplastæ; Whip-swimmers, or Flagellata; ated-balls, or Cili Catallacta; Labyrinth-streamers, or Labyrinthuleæ; Flint-cells, or Diatomeæ; Mucous-mou1ds, or Myxomycetes; Root-footers (Rhizopoda). -- Remarks on the General Natural History of the Protista: Their Vital Phenomena, Chemical Composition, and Formation (Individuality and Fundamental Form). -- Pliylogeny of the Prostista Kingdom.

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The Natural System of the Vegetable Kingdom. -- Division of the Vegetable Kingdom into Six Branches and Eighteen Classes. -- The Flowerless Plants (Cryptogamia). -- Sub-kingdom of the Thallus Plants. -- The Tangles, or Algæ (Primary A1gæ, Green Algæ, Brown Algæ, Red Algæ) -- The Thread-plants, or Inophytes (Lichens and Fungi). -- Sub-kingdom of the Prothallus Plants. -- The Mosses, or Muscinæ (Water-mosses, Liverworts, Leaf-mosses, Bog-mosses). -- The Ferns, or Filicinæ (Leaf-ferns, Bamboo-ferns, Water-ferns, Scale-ferns). -- Sub kingdom of Flowering Plants (Phanerogamia). -- The Gymnosperms, or Plants with Naked Seeds (Palm-ferns = Cycadæ; Pines = Coniferae.) -- The Angiosperms, or Plants with Enclosed Seeds. -- Monocotylæ. -- Dicotylæ. -- Cup-blossoms (Apetalæ). -- Star-b1ossoms (Diapetalæ). -- Bell-blossoms (Gamopetalæ)

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The Natural System of the Animal Kingdom. -- Linnæus and Lamarck's Systems. -- The Four Types of Bär and Cuvier. -- Their Increase to Seven Types. -- Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types as Independent Tribes of the Animal Kingdom. -- Derivation of Zoophytes and Worms from Primeval Animals. -- Monophyletic and Polyphyletic Hypothesis of the Descent of the Animal Kingdom. -- Common Origin of the Four Higher Animal Tribes out of the Worm Tribe. -- Division of the Seven Animal Tribes into Sixteen Main Classes, and Thirty-eight Classes. -- Primeval Animals (Monera, Amœbæ, Synamœbæ), Gregarines, Infusoria, Planæades, and Gastræades (Planula and Gastrula). -- Tribe of Zoophytes. -- Spongiæ (Mucous Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous Sponges). -- Sea Nettles, or Aca1ephæ Corals, Hood-jellies, Comb-jellies). -- Tribe of Worms.

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Tribe of Molluscs. -- Four Classes of Molluscs: Lamp-shells (Spirobranchia); Mussels (Lamellibranchia); Snails (Cochlides); Cuttle-fish (Cephalopoda). -- Tribe of Star-fishes, or Echinoderma. -- Their Derivation from Ringed Worms (Mailed Worms, or Phracthelminthes). -- The Alternation of Generation in the Echinoderma. -- Four Classes of Star-fish: Sea-stars (Asteridea); Sea-lilies (Crinoidea); Sea-urchins (Echinidea); Sea-cucumbers (Holothuridea). -- Tribe of Articulated Animals, or Arthropoda. -- Four Classes of Articulated Animals: Branchiata, or Crustacea, breathing through gills; Jointed Crabs; Mailed Crabs; Articulata Tracheata, breathing through Air Tubes. -- Spiders (Long Spiders, Round Spiders). -- Myriopods. -- Insects. -- Chewing and Sucking Insects. -- Pedigree and History of the Eight Orders of Insects

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The Records of the Creation of Vertebrate Animals (Comparative Anatomy, Embryology, and Palontology). -- The Natural System of Vertebrate Animals. -- The Four Classes of Vertebrate Animals, according to Linnæus and Lamarck. -- Their Increase to Nine Classes. -- Main Class of the Tube-hearted, or Skull-less Animals (the Lancelet). -- Blood Relationship between the Skul-less Fish and the Tunicates. -- Agreement in the Embryological Development of Amphioxus and Ascidiæ. -- Origin of the Vertebrate Tribe out of the Worm Tribe. -- Main Class of Single-nostriled, or Round-mouthed Animals (Hag and Lampreys). -- Main Class of Anamnionate Animals, devoid of Amnion. -- Fishes (Primeval Fish, Cartilaginous Fish, Osseous Fish). -- Mud-fish, or Dipneusta. -- Sea Dragons, or Halisauria. -- Frogs and Salamanders, or Amphibia (Mailed Amphibia, Naked Amphibia). -- Main Class of Amnionate Animals, or Amniota. -- Reptiles (Primary Reptiles, Lizards, Serpents, Crocodiles, Tortoises, Flying Reptiles, Dragons, Beaked Reptiles). -- Birds (Feather-tailed, Fan-tailed, Bush-tailed.)

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The System of Mammals according to Linnæus and Blainville. -- Three Sub-classes of Mammals (Ornithodelphia, Didelphia, Monodelphia). -- Ornithodelphia, or Monotrema. -- Beaked Animals (Ornithostoma). -- Didelphia, or Marsupials. -- Herbivorous and Carnivorous Marsupials. -- Monodelphia, or Placentalia (Placental Animals). -- Meaning of the Placenta. -- Tuft Placentalia. -- Girdle Placentalia. -- Disc Placentalia. -- Non-deciduates, or Indeciduata. -- Hoofed Animals. -- Single and Double-hoofed Animals. -- Whales. -- Toothless Animals. -- Deciduates, or Animals with Decidua. -- Semi-apes. -- Gnawing Animals. -- Pseudo-hoofed Animals. -- Insectivora. -- Beasts of Prey. -- Bats. -- Apes

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The Application of the Theory of Descent to Man. -- Its Immense Importance and Logical Necessity. -- Man's Position in the Natural System of Animals, among Disco-placental Animals. -- Incorrect Separation of the Bimana and Quaclrumana. -- Correct Separation of Semi-apes from Apes. -- Man's Position in the Order of Apes. -- Narrow-nosed Apes (of the Old World) and Flat-nosed Apes (of America). -- Difference of the two Groups. -- Origin of Man from Narrow-nosed Apes. -- Human Apes, or Anthropoides. -- African Human-apes (Gorilla and Chimpanzee). -- Asiatic Human-apes (Orang and Gibbon). -- Comparison between the different Human Apes and the different Races of Men. -- Survey of the Series of the Progenitors of Man. -- Invertebrate Progenitors (Prochordata) and Vertebrate Progenitors.

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Age of the Human Race. -- Causes of its Origin. -- The Origin of Human Language. -- Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or Multiple Origin of the Human Race. -- Derivation of Man from many Pairs. -- Classification of the Human Races. -- System of Twelve Species of Men. -- Woolly-Haired Men, or Ulotrichis. -- Bushy-Haired (Papuans, Hottentots.) -- Fleecy-haired (Caffres, Negroes). -- Straight-haired Men, or Lissotrichi. -- Stiff-haired (Australians, Malays, Mongols, Arctic, and American Tribes). -- Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians, Midlanders) -- Number of Population. -- Primæval Home of Man (South Asia, or Lemuria). -- Nature of Primæval Men. -- Number of Primæval Languages (Monoglottists and Polyglottists). -- Divergence and Migration of the Human Race. -- Geographical Distribution of the Human Species

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Objections to the Doctrine of Filiation. -- Objections of Faith and Reason. -- Immeasurable Length of the Geological Periods. -- Transition Forms between Kindred Species. -- Dependence of Stability of Form on Inheritance, and of the Variability of Form on Adaptation. -- Origin of very Complicated Arrangement of Organisation. -- Gradual Development of Instincts and Mental Activities. -- Origin of à priori Knowledge from Knowledge à posteriori. -- The Knowledge requisite for the Correct Understanding of the Doctrine of Filiation. -- Necessary Interaction between Empiricism and Philosophy. -- Proofs of the Theory of Descent. -- Inner Causal-Connection between all the Biological Series of Phenomena. -- The Direct Proof of the Theory of Selection. -- Relation of the Theory of Descent to Anthropology. -- Proofs of the Animal Origin of Man. -- The Pithecoid Theory as an Inseparable Part of the Theory of Descent. -- Induction and Deduction. -- Gradual Development of the Human Mind. -- Body and Mind. -- Human Soul and Animal Soul. -- A Glance at the Future.

PLATES

Plate	Click for plate at 100 ppi	DESCRIPTION
IV	Plate at 200 ppi	Hand of Nine Different Mammals
V	Plate at 200 ppi	Single-stemmed or MONOPHYLETIC Pedigree of the Vegetable Kingdom
VI	Plate at 200 ppi	Historical Growth of the six great stems of Animals
VII	Plate at 200 ppi	Animal Plants, or Zoophytes
VIII	Plate at 200 ppi	Star Fishes. First Generation. Worm Person.
IX	Plate at 200 ppi	Star Fishes. Second Generation. Worm Stock.
X	Plate at 200 ppi	Nauplius. Youth-form of six Crab-fish.
XI	Plate at 200 ppi	Adult form of the same six Crab-fish.
XII	Plate at 200 ppi	Ascidia and Amphioxus.
XIII	Plate at 200 ppi	Ascidia and Amphioxus.
XIV	Plate at 200 ppi	Single or MONOPHYLETIC Pedigree of the Stem of the Back-Boned Animals.
XV	Plate at 200 ppi	Hypothetical Sketch of the MONOPHYLETIC Origin and of the extension of the 12 Races of Man from Lemuria over the Earth.